Bilal M Mirza

  What is Criminology:           The word criminology is derived from the Latin word “Crimen” which means “to charge” or “Accusation” and a Greek word “Logia” which means “study of”. So in very simple terms the criminology means the study of crime.             Criminology is a branch of Sociology; it is a scientific study of crimes, criminality, criminal behavior, place and scope of crime, reasons and causes of crime and the way to prevent the occurrence of crime in society. The institutions like Police, NAB, FIA – Law Enforcement Agencies – have criminologists to deal with the dame. Scope of Criminology: i)                     Frequency of Crime: how often the crime is happening in society. ii)                   Location of Crime: which are the vulnerable locations for crime? iii)                 Causes of Crime: what are the causes of crime being committed in society?     iv)                 Types of Crime: what types of crimes are being committed? v)                 

  Introduction: Since the age of primordial civilizations, the societies are based on norms, values and beliefs. Besides these, there always have been some members of society that do not conform to the given standards and act in deviant manners. However, the history of mankind is evident that to maintain social order in society and deter the deviant behavior, they have always been using some set of instructions to abide by. Such set of instructions in modern world is called criminal law and commission of any violation is respect of this law is said to be Crime. Crime:             The word crime is derived from a Latin word “crimen” which means “to charge” or “accusation”. Following definitions from well known philosophers would help us understand the concept effectively. Definition: “Crime is such an act of violation of law of society that prohibits so action and defines punishment in case of commission. Without such law the act is not a crime”  – Edwin Sutherland.   “C

   Outline 1.        Introduction:                 In 21 st century, the world has been witnessing an astronomical increase in the usage of Social Media platforms to voice beliefs, opinions and ideas. This unprecedented growth of Social Media portrays both prospects and problems depending upon how its growing power is channelized. 2.        Exposition of the Term “Growing Power of Social Media”: A)      Exponentially increased users of Social Media platforms. B)       Emergence of new and more far reaching social media platforms like Facebook, X, Whatsapp, Instagram etc.,   C)       Giving people a place to express their grievances, opinions and challenging the status quo.   3.        Prospects of Growing Power of Social Media: A)      Giving impetus to Accountability Mechanism. a.        George Floyd Murder Case in USA. b.       Icelandic Prime Minister’s resignation as a consequence of Panama Scandal outrage.   c.        Motorway Hit and Run Case of Woman

The word Volcano is derived from Roman word Vulcan which means God of Fire. When the core (the most inner/central part of the earth) gets heated up and it is not able to survive its heat in itself then the energy which is within the core would come out towards the surface by means of Piper. When it comes out it explodes and this explosion is known as Volcano. The explosion could be in form of Gas, Liquid or Solid matter. Causes of Volcanic Activity: (i) Internal Heat : as discussed above (ii) Radio Activity which is present within the earth. (iii) Contraction of the earth surface : (iv) Plate Tectonics : (Discussed in Divergent and Convergent Boundaries).   Structure of Volcano: The hot liquid that is within the earth is known as Magma and the exact place where it is stored is known as Magma Chamber. The Magma rises up from the inner core and the mental, and this occurs through the opening which is known as Vent . The Magma reaches from core to crest through a Pipe .

  Introduction :  It is a kind of phenomenon where less than expected rainfall occurs. Its intensity varies and on this variation we have its following types: Types of Droughts: (1)   Meteorological Drought: ( Totally dependent on Rain ) (i)        Excessive Rainfall : More than 120% rainfall. (ii)     Normal Rainfall : Ranging from 80% to 120% rainfall. (iii)   Deficient Rainfall : Ranging from 60% to 80% rainfall.   (iv)   Scanty Rainfall : Less than 60% rainfall. So the Deficient Rainfall or Scanty Rainfall causes serious Meteorological Droughts. (2)   Hydrological Droughts: ( Depletion of Ground Water ) It focuses on the depletion of the ground water. Water can be classified as either ground water or surface water. If the ground water table goes down, the water that is being pumped by tube wells etc would cause numerous problems, so that is depletion of the ground water is a major threat and would lead to Hydrological Droughts. (3)   Agricultural Drought: If